The involvement of degradation pathways and neuron-to-neuron transmission in Alzheimer’s disease

نویسندگان

  • Lotta Agholme
  • Katarina Kågedal
چکیده

Although the vast majority of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cases are of the sporadic type, mutations causing the familial form have been the focus of AD research for decades. The disease is pathologically characterised by β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau protein aggregates in neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Furthermore, it is known that AD pathology spreads throughout the brain, most often along the same anatomical pattern. However, so far no cause for the sporadic form of the disease has been found. Accumulation of protein aggregates as well as decreased activity of the protein degradation systems, lysosomes and proteasomes, is found in diseased brains. This indicates that defective degradation contributes to sporadic AD. The aim of this thesis was to develop an improved neuronal model, and study the effects of decreased proteasome function on tau phosphorylation and axonal transport. In addition, the effects on Aβ accumulation and generation upon proteasome inhibition were investigated. Finally, the possibility that intracellularly accumulated Aβ oligomers could be transferred from one neuron to another was tested. Differentiation of human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells in an extracellular matrix gel, using a set of neurotrophic factors, resulted in cells with neuronal phenotype, expressing neuron specific markers and all six adult isoforms of tau. Within this neuronal model, we found that reduced proteasome activity inhibited neuritic transport, and caused tau phosphorylation in a c-Jun and ERK 1/2 dependent manner. Using proteasome inhibition in APP overexpressing cells, we found an autophagy dependent intralysosomal Aβ accumulation, together with elevation of intraand extracellular concentrations of Aβ. Autophagy inhibition protected the cells from the toxicity induced by decreased proteasome activity. Finally, we could, as the first group, show that Aβ can be directly transferred from one neuron to another through connected neurites. Furthermore, accumulation of Aβ in the endo-lysosomal compartment of receiving cells caused toxicity and neurodegeneration. We believe that cells not able to degrade accumulated Aβ, due to increased generation or reduced degradative capacity, instead tries to clear its content through transfer to connected neurons. If not properly degraded in the receiving cell, this can accelerate AD pathology and cause neuritic and neuronal degeneration spreading throughout the brain. Increasing the activity of the degradative systems, or inhibiting transmission of Aβ between neurons could therefore be novel treatments for AD. Populärvetenskaplig Sammanfattning Alzheimers sjukdom finns i två varianter, ärftlig och sporadisk, där merparten (över 90%) tillhör den sporadiska. Alzheimers karaktäriseras av ansamlingar av ihopklumpade proteiner, β-amyloid och tau, i hjärnan samt nervcellsdöd, som leder till försämring av minnesfunktionerna. Nervceller har två ”renhållningssystem”, lysosomer och proteasomer, som bland annat tar hand om dessa ihopklumpade proteiner. Studier har visat på försämringar av båda dessa system vid Alzheimers sjukdom. I den här avhandlingen har vi undersökt vad som händer när dessa renhållningssystem slutar fungera. Specifikt har vi studerat vad som händer när man minskar aktiviteten hos proteasomen och har sett att det leder till flera av de kända sjukliga förändringarna vid Alzheimers sjukdom. Dessa inkluderar ansamling av proteinet β-amyloid, skadliga förändringar av proteinet tau samt en försämrad transport längs nervcellernas långa utskott. Vidare har vi, som första grupp i världen, visat att proteinet β-amyloid, när det klumpar ihop sig i cellerna, kan skickas vidare till nästa nervcell och där orsaka stor skada. Denna överföring, eller ”smitta”, sker bara där nervcellerna har kontakt med varandra. Överfört till människor skulle det betyda att hjärnans funktion och patientens minne försämras i takt med att nedbrytningen av nervceller sprids genom hjärnan. Detta skulle också kunna förklara det mönster som Alzheimers sjukdom vanligtvis sprids efter. Ett möjligt händelseförlopp vid Alzheimers sjukdom kan vara att nervceller som får för mycket β-amyloid, till exempel på grund av ett dåligt renhållningssystem, försöker göra sig av med detta genom att skicka det till nästa cell. I den mottagande cellen orsaker β-amyloidet skador, men även ytterligare ansamlingar av proteiner som skickas vidare. På så sätt kan sjukdomen spridas genom hjärnan och orsaka minnesstörningar. Utveckling av mediciner som förbättrar nervcellernas förmåga att bryta ner proteiner, eller förhindrar överföringen av β-amyloid mellan nervceller, kan förhoppningsvis bromsa eller hindra Alzheimers sjukdom från att spridas i hjärnan.

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تاریخ انتشار 2012